Cyber security in smart grids7/28/2023 ![]() This domain mainly has a close communication with the distribution, operation, service provider, and market domains. In the customer domain, the major actor is the end-user, which is divided into three types: home, commercial, and industrial. These tasks are conducted by a single or multiple actors in every domain. Actors are defined as programs and systems, while applications are considered as tasks. These logical domains have actors and applications that are presented as smart grid’s conceptual model. The National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) state that smart grids consist of seven logical domains, namely bulk generation, transmission, distribution, customer, markets, service provider, and operations. It utilizes information technology to deliver energy to end-users through a two-way flow of communications, which changes the power infrastructure in terms of efficiency, scalability, reliability, and interoperability. This new electrical grid includes a variety of operations and energy measures, including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy-efficient resources. To address these challenges and limitations, a holistic solution, smart grid, was proposed in 2007. Also, this technology deals with some challenges, including the resynchronization with the main grid, which can be problematic to the network, due to the network inconsistency. Microgrids provide some benefits, such as a higher efficiency, reduction of emissions, and cheaper and cleaner energy. It can be connected to a main grid or work independently. A microgrid can be defined as a local and small distribution system that consists of sets of micro sources, namely micro turbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic arrays wind turbines, and some storage systems like energy capacitors. To address the limitations of the traditional grid, a new approach, microgrid, was introduced. These examples are the obvious reasons why using a traditional power grid is no longer considered an effective power system. In March 2016, at least 70 million people in Turkey were impacted by a power blackout. During the same month, in Bavaria, the storm Sabine caused a blackout for approximately 60,000 homes. ![]() For example, in February 2020, the storm Ciara caused a power cut for around 130,000 homes in France. Briefly, several cases prove that there is a serious need to improve the functionality of the traditional power system. The traditional power grid is no longer a practical solution for power delivery and distribution due to several shortcomings including: chronic blackouts, energy storage issues, high cost of assets, and high carbon emissions.
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